Writing and Descriptive Essay

†¢ Write down in any order about things that strike you. †¢ Put it down in black and white. †¢ Depending on the train of thought and association which the essay forms itself. †¢ Use vivid language that brings out the principle features. †¢ Comparing with some other thing will allow the senses of reader act. †¢ Effective time should be used to show change or evolution.†¢ Free play of emotions and feelings adds essence to the essay. †¢ Use adverbs and verbs to show the writer’s state of mind on the topic. †¢ Evoke images and allow the readers feel intensity. †¢ Understand the purpose of the essay and the readers who are being targeted. †¢ Outline is must. †¢ Rewrite as many times you can. †¢ Use concrete ideas and mix with abstract to make the essay alive and vital. †¢ Be natural and refreshing.Descriptive essay about a personWell, common this is, perhaps, the most popular type of descriptive essay. Students a re asked to write about their parents, friends, teachers and professors, as well as prominent people who are living now or lived in past. A descriptive essay about a person should tell as much as possible about features of character, virtues and drawback etc. You can also tell readers how this person influences your life or why you think this person is better than the others. Usually, students are given freedom in choice of a topic, so they are asked to write about the most prominent figure in the US history or the person they respect most. This is a very creative and interesting task.Descriptive essay about event celebrationIf you are a college or high school student you might be asked to write a descriptive essay about event celebration. This may be your graduation party, meeting with classmates, your sister’s wedding or your best friend’s  fancy B-day party. As a rule you are free to choose any topic you like. The key task here is to share the atmosphere of the ev ent and find the right words to describe it. Readers should feel as if they have been to this part as well.Descriptive wordsDescription essay and other write-ups of this nature must be revised and edited. These activities will sometimes be difficult if you had failed to make precise descriptions and use the right descriptive words as you began writing. You may get out that there are places that you withheld describing enough and important details. You will need to go back and make appropriate corrections. This is the more reason why it is always advised that you write using an outline. Including fresh materials or excluding irrelevant materials will be easy.Edit to make sure that you have used simple but still strong descriptive words. You have a duty to make your readers understand your descriptions clearly. Make sure that you have used enough verifications to make your description convincing and make sure that these verifications are precise and can be verified through objective m eans.Looking for an exceptional company to do some custom writing for you? Look no further than ProfEssays.com! You simply place an order with the writing instructions you have been given, and before you know it, your essay or term paper, completely finished and unique, will be completed and sent back to you. At ProfEssays.com, we have over 500 highly educated, professional writers standing by waiting to help you with any writing needs you may have! We understand students have plenty on their plates, which is why we love to help them out. Let us do the work for you, so you have time to do what you want to do!

Human Enlightenment: a Comparison of Kant and Newman Essay

The patient is a 70 years old man, admitted in Clinton Cardiology Center for repeated chest pain, fainting, hypotension, thoracic discomfort and cough, which appeared suddenly the same day. The clinical exam showed: cold, pale, sweated skin, dyspnea, tachycardia, a diastolic murmur in the third intercostal space near the sternum edge, a third degree systolic murmur above the lower sternum, and a blood pressure of 80/60 mmHg. The electrocardiogram showed signs of right ventricular overload. The patient was known with arterial hypertension form 2009, had an episode of atrial  fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis of the right calf in 2005 and had a hip replacement in 2010. An echocardiographic exam in 2006 noted an ascending aorta aneurism. He had been treated with Betaxolol 20 mg/day for hypertension, Amlodipine 5 mg/day, Indapamide 1. 5 mg/day and Trimetazidine 35 mg x 2/day. He was also treated for a severe depression (Olanzapine). The patient states having worked as an accountant at some point in his life has the occasional beer but never smoked; he doesn’t exercise at all and cannot stand for long period of time. The patient is a high fall risk. LEARNING STYLE English is the patient’s first language and he can read and write; he states having a degree in accounting. He is both an auditory and verbal learner who loves to talk and crack jokes. He speaks clearly and has no trouble communicating at all. He is however feeling discouraged, depressed and is anxious of his current situation but is not eager to learn how to manage his diet and weight as he is not able to exercise due to dyspnea; he is also partially weight bearing on his left leg and is seeing PT as a result from his hip surgery and is still non-compliant with his therapy. The doctor has put him on new medication Reteplase (Retevase) after the doctor diagnosed him with acute myocardium infarction. RETEPLASE (RETEVASE) Reteplase is a thrombolytic drug that is used to dissolve and break the blood clots that cause a heart attack. It works by activating a substance that helps to break up blood clots. Blood clots can prevent oxygen and nutrients from getting to the heart, which causes tissue death and long-term damage to the heart. It’s indicated for use in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in adults for the improvement of ventricular function following AMI, the reduction of the incidence of congestive heart failure and the reduction of mortality associated with AMI. Reteplase is given by injection into a vein (IV). Generally, it is given as 10 + 10 unit double bolus injection. EACH BOLUS GIVEN OVER 2 MINUTES. WITH THE 2ND BOLUS GIVEN, AN INITIAL DOSE follows by a second dose 30 minutes later. Two 10 unit bolus injections are required for a complete treatment. CONTRAINDICATIONS †¢Active internal bleeding †¢Recent intracranial or intraspinal surgery or trauma. †¢Severe uncontrolled hypertension †¢Known bleeding diathesis ADVERSE REACTIONS †¢hypersensitivity reactions, bleeding †¢GI upset, hypotension, fever †¢cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, AV block, pulmonary edema †¢ Heart failure, cardiac arrest, ischemia, myocardial rupture, mitral regurgitation, pericardial effusion, venous thrombosis, cholesterol embolism SIDE EFFECTS The most frequent adverse reaction associated with Retavase is bleeding. Other side effects include †¢Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site †¢Nausea and vomiting †¢Severe headache, eye pain or vision changes. †¢Sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body †¢Sudden headache, confusion, problems with speech, or balance INTERACTIONS †¢Anticoagulants â€Å"blood thinners† (e. g. , warfarin or heparins) †¢Antiplatelet drugs (e. g. , clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine) †¢NSAIDs (e. g. , ibuprofen, naproxen) †¢Drugs that alter platelet function (such as aspirin ) may increase the risk of bleeding if administered prior to or after Retavase (reteplase) therapy DOSAGE Reteplase is for intravenous administration only. Reteplase is administered as a 10 + 10 unit double-bolus injection. Two 10 unit bolus injections are required for a complete treatment. Each bolus is administered as an intravenous injection over 2 minutes. The second bolus is given 30 minutes after initiation of the first bolus injection. Each bolus injection should be given via an intravenous line in which no other medication is being simultaneously injected or infused. No other medication should be added to the injection solution containing reteplase. There is no experience with patients receiving repeat courses of therapy with reteplase. Nursing Implications Monitor vital signs, especially blood pressure and pulse. (Decreasing blood pressure, increase in pulse may indicate internal bleeding). Protect patient from injury by maintaining limited mobility during drug therapy. Monitor all possible sites of bleeding during infusion. Ensure that cardiac rhythm is monitored during therapy. (Dysrhythmias may occur with reperfusion of myocardium). Monitor CBC during and after therapy for indications of blood loss due to internal bleeding. (Patient has increased risk of bleeding for 2-4 days post therapy. ) Lab test considerations †¢Plasminogen (Administration of Retavase(reteplase) may cause decreases in plasminogen and fibrinogen †¢Degradation of fibrinogen in blood samples removed for analysis NURSING PROCESS Assessment Prior to administration: †¢Obtain complete health history including allergies, drug history and possible drug interactions †¢Obtain a baseline ECG and electrolytes, ABG, blood urea nitrogen and cardiac enzyme levels †¢Assess lab values; obtain CBC, PT, Hgb, Hct, platelet count †¢Asses vital signs and neurological status †¢Assess for recent surgery or trauma, bleeding disorders, or history of hemorrhagic stroke or GI bleeding Nursing Diagnoses †¢Tissue perfusion, Ineffective related to adverse effects of medication †¢Injury, Risk for (bleeding) related to adverse effects of medication †¢Knowledge, Deficit related to drug therapy, action, and side effects Planning Patient teaching and demonstrate understanding of risks and benefits of drug therapy. Inform patient that activity will be limited during infusion and pressure dressing may be needed to prevent any active bleeding. Patient will remain free of unusual and excessive bleeding. Maintain effective tissue perfusion. Continuously monitor cardiac rhythm and explain to patient that cardiac rhythm will be monitored during treatment. Instruct patient of increased risk of bleeding, activity restriction, and frequent monitoring during this time. Teach patient regarding need for frequent vital signs. Take and record vital signs every 15minutes during infusion and for 2 hours following. Intervention Continue to monitor for adherence and compliance. At start of therapy watch for any signs of hypersensitivity, shortness of breath and a feeling of tightness and pressure in the chest. Check patient vital signs frequently and  monitor his skin color and sensory of function of extremities every hour. Evaluation Evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy by confirming that patient goals and expected outcomes have been met. Protect patient from injury by maintaining limited mobility during drug therapy this helped to prevent any falls since he’s a high risk for falls. By monitoring his vital signs, especially blood pressure and pulse (Decreasing blood pressure, increase in pulse may indicate internal bleeding) this reduced risks for any internal bleeding. Patient understands the risks and benefits of the drug therapy. The teaching plan is reasonable and effective as well and if implemented today would serve to teach the patient and assist him to better manage the MI and prevent other related complications such as hypertension, embolisms, dyspnea and circulation. REFERENCES ?2009 Edition Delmar’s Nurse’s Drug Handbook By George R. Spratto, Ph. D. , Adrienne L. Woods pages 1394-1395 ?http://www. rxlist. com/retavase-drug/patient-images-side-effects. htm ?http://www. drugs. com/cons/retavase. html ?http://reference. medscape. com/drug/retavase-reteplase-342289 ?http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/drug-information/DR602387.

LAW & ETHICS IN PRACTICE, and Case study(Paramedics area assessments) Research Paper

LAW & ETHICS IN PRACTICE, and Case study(Paramedics area assessments) - Research Paper Example The patient may not realize the potential seriousness of the wound, the potential danger to himself or others, and may be delirious for various possible reasons. Under the A person of or over 18 years of age may, while of sound mind, give a direction under this section about the medical treatment that the person wants, or does not want, if he or she is at some future time†¦incapable of making decisions about medical treatment when the question of administering the treatment arises† (â€Å"Consent to Medical Treatment and Palliative Care Act 1995,† 1995, pp. 6). Jack’s problem is not simply that he was drinking—the other issue was that he could possibly have other medical problems such as the hemmhoraging or a stroke, given the fact that he had certain symptoms. Under the Ambulance Services Act of 1992, â€Å"A licence†¦will be subject to those provisions of this Act prescribed by the regulations, with any necessary or prescribed modificationsâ₠¬  (â€Å"Health Care Act 2008,† 2008, pp. 40). 4. The doctor has legal, ethical, and moral obligations to follow up with his patient in an active role or capacity. He could have his license revoked without proper follow-up or if he mistakenly prescribed medication for which he did not follow up with the patient. It is not safe to assume that the cause of Jack’s problems are completely due to alcohol; rather, alcohol worsened the situation. Jack was already possibly having a medical problem(s) when he drank alcohol. A possible stroke could’ve happened due to the slurred speech and dizziness. The clinicians should follow up just in case anything else is happening with Jack. A legal request may be made for a breathalyzer test since this did cause a domestic disturbance. Jack may be fined for any subsequent damages caused. â€Å"In Australia [there is no equivalent of] the First Amendment†¦,† therefore Jack cannot just say or do whatever he wants and c all it free speech like it might be posited in the United States (Fatehi, 2007, pp. 102). He must be held liable for what he has said and done. 17.Yes, it is evidence of depression with a suicidal tendency. Jack would probably qualify as a level 1 case. In such a case, â€Å"A patient to whom a level 1 detention and treatment order applies may be given treatment for his or her mental illness or any other illness of a kind authorised by a medical practitioner who has examined the patient† (â€Å"Mental Health Act,† 2009, pp. 20). This is enough to render Jack under the care and control of the first responders. Yes, evidence of depression would allow us to take Jack into our care and control, and by law, we now have enough evidence to put Jack under our care and control. Showing that he has the inability to make rational decisions is part of the rationale of this decision. 20.Delaying a decision on this case puts other, more serious clear-cut cases at risk. Therefore, a decision must be made quickly. If the clinicians cannot decide what to do, the decision should be relegated to a higher authority. The police may be utilised to escort Jack to the ambulance. It has happened in several circumstances before where mental patients have been escorted to ambulances by the police. 28. If a guardianship order was issued, the powers that would then give the paramedic would be to take care and control,

Early Childhood Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Early Childhood Education - Essay Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education must begin in early childhood since the values, attitudes, behaviors and skills acquired in this period have a long lasting impact in the future life of children. â€Å"Early childhood education helps to lay a sound intellectual, psychological, emotional, social and physical foundation for development and lifelong learning. It also has enormous potential in fostering values, attitudes, skills and behaviors that support sustainable development e.g. wise use of resources, cultural diversity, gender equality and democracy† (Bell, 2009). Thesis Statement:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Child Education in the United States is compulsory and it is provided mainly by the public sector. The ages for compulsory education vary from state to state in the US and it usually begins from age four/five and ends at age seventeen/eighteen. Pre-school is the first educational setting for a child. Pre-school education in US commences at an age of four or five and this setting intends to bring out both social and academic outcomes in a child. My thesis statement is that it is during the pre-kindergarten years that a child will discover and explore all the areas of learning and that the education provided in the pre-kindergarten years should be developmentally appropriate in its approach to the curriculum. History:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An overview of the history of early childhood education shows that there existed a variation in the ages at which children were sent to school. During the early 1900’s of the US, five or six was the common accepted age for the beginning of formal childhood education at the kindergartens.   Towards the latter half of the twentieth century, an institution named ‘Head Start’ was created to provide education to the poor and the disadvantaged children. This institution provided pre-school training to these children during their ages of three, four or five. It is believed that it was this institution which became a model for the early childhood education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project Head Start also was successful in changing the attitude towards young children. Gradually, middle-class Americans began to enroll their children in preschool programs under Project Head Start in order to receive the benefits of early childhood education. This pre-school education was so popular that towards the late 1980’s, there were about 39.1 percent of children aged three and four who received early education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Project Head Start was widely accepted by the Americans, it gradually lost its prominence during the later years. Before Project Head Start, â€Å"infant schools providing education for poor children below the ages of five and six did existed in America, in the early half of the nineteenth century† (Vinovskis, 1993) which were created out of the inspiration from European countries. Infant schools were so popular in 1840’ s that about 40% of three year olds attended school in Massachusetts. But, since this movement was discouraged by the majority of the society, only a fewer number of children under ages four or five were going to the infant schools in Massachusetts.  The infant schools of the nineteenth

Is Kitsch always ironic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is Kitsch always ironic - Essay Example All the above descriptions of Kitsch should be regarded as just part of a greater framework. More specifically, Kitsch can be related with various aspects of modern life with a special reference to art (as already explained above). Current paper examines a particular aspect of Kitsch: Irony. This sense is mostly related with Kitsch as part of the art trends within a particular society. In other words, the relationship between Kitsch and Irony could be developed mainly in the greater field of art. Towards this direction, it is suggested by Hjort et al. (1997, 229) that ‘the very notion of "taste" in art necessitates the existence of "bad taste" and, consequently, bad art; but bad art comes in many varieties and is subject to different kinds of objections; there is sheer technical incompetence, just to begin with (although artistic inability as such is much less fatal than it used to be)’. The above descriptions of Kitsch could be considered as valid only if referring to a rt; in other parts of social and political life Kitsch would be considered to take different format in accordance with the conditions applied on each particular area. As already mentioned above, Kitsch can have many different aspects. In accordance with a definition given by the Dictionary of Art (London, 1998) ‘â€Å"Kitsch† has sometimes been used (for example, by Harold Rosenberg) to refer to virtually any form of popular art or entertainment, especially when sentimental; but though much popular art is cheap and crude, it is at least direct and unpretentious’. In accordance with the above, it is stated by Calinescu (1987, 260) that ‘seen as a lie, a kitsch work implies a close relationship and even a collaboration of sorts between the kitsch-artist and the kitsch-man; the latter wants to be "beautifully" lied to and the former is willing to play the game in exchange for financial gain;

PhD Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

PhD - Literature review Example ..51 REFERENCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..53 CHAPTER 2 2.1 WHAT IS FUEL ECONOMY? The fuel economy(FE) of any vehiclecan be calculated as a ratio of distance travelled per unit volume of fuel consumed or as the ratio of fuel consumption per distance travelled(GFEI,n.d.). An et al (2011,p4)note that fuel economy standards can be of various forms such as liters of fuel consumed per hundred kilometers of distance travelled or kilometers travelled per liter of vehicle fuel. The global average vehicle fuel consumption hoversaround 8L/100 km corresponding to 29.4 mpg and a global drive under the aegis of GFEI, whose partner organizations are the UNEP, IEA, ITF , ITCC and the FIA Foundation has been launched to bring it down to 4L/100km corresponding to 58.8 mpg by 2050(GFEI,n.d.).The regulations pertaining to fuel economy followed by the four largest autom obile markets, namely, the US, the EU, Japan and China differ significantly from each other(An et al,2011,p4). The factors affecting Fuel Economy of a vehicle The seven parameters enumerated by Hilliard&Springer(1984,p9) as influencing the fuel consumption of any vehicle are Engine Characteristics, Drive-train Characteristics, Weight, Aerodynamics, Rolling Resistance, Driving Cycle and Driver Habits. The various forces which resist the movement of the vehicle are shown as a function of vehicle speed at Fig.2.1(Hilliard&Springer,1984,p8). Fig 2.1 forces resisting the movement of the vehicle as a function of vehicle speed (Hilliard and Springer,1984,p8) In this figure, the rolling resistance appearing at the tyre-road interface is shown as Curve A and is almost independent of speed. The aerodynamic resistance is shown as Curve B and it is proportional to the square of velocity. The Curve C which is the sum of Curve A and Curve B is defined as the road load resistance and it represents the total force necessary for maintaining a steady speed on an even road. The product of weight of the vehicle with the sine of the slope of the road is the grade resistant force, different values of which, correspond to different values of inclination, as shown in the figure under discussion. The percent slope, called grade is the tangent of the road grade angle. A schematic representation of the tractive force which is generated at the rear wheels of an internal combustion engine powered vehicle with a three-speed standard shift transmission is also shown in the above diagram. When the transmission is changed to a higher gear, there is a decrease in speed reduction ratio and a consequent decrease in transmission output torque and hence the tractive force also comes down. The force available for driving the vehicle forward is the difference between the tractive force and the road load resistance and is called the free- tractive effort. According to Hilliard & Springer(1984,p9),the combination of the vehicle resistance forces along with the combined performance of the engine and power drive train gives the ultimate fuel economy potential of an IC engine powered vehicle while the total of the resistance forces at any operating point has to match the tractive force delivered by the drive train. The aerodynamic drag or the air drag of an automobile is decided by the shape of the vehicle and its frontal area and is proportional to the square of its speed. Pundir(2008,p18) notes that, if Fw= air resistance force, A= frontal area of the vehicle, ? = air density V = vehicle

Writting exercises Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writting exercises - Research Paper Example Perhaps this is a new way of saying that like poles attract but indeed, the male gender has a habit of concentrating more on movies that have been presented in the feminine form. Most masculine gender has been noted to take a keen interest in movies, be they in nudity, in clothes or half dressed as long as they represent the female roles and character. Recent developments have been made to the movie industry with the introduction of male actors in the female roles. Among such epics is the ` Law of Desire’ which is a representation of the much renounced representation of moral deterioration in the society. However, the shifting of the roles here is commendable as men go on stage to represent women in active roles. The epic is set in Madrid and has been integrated with a world of male passion deep and intriguing to internalize. Pablo is a homosexual movie director whose latest release is being celebrated. Having sent off his love Juan to the countryside so as to create some distance between them, he meets Antonio after the party and the two get acquainted. Antonio who is obsessed with Pablo soon moves in to fill the space Juan left. At the end of the party, the two leave together for the home and Antonio has the first experience of anal sex in his life. Antonio thus develops a deeper sense of attachment to Pablo which is unknown to him but begins to show. While Pablo does not recognize this love feeling by Antonio terming it as a lusty occurrence because he remains to be in love and attached to Juan, the other party, Antonio misunderstands him and shows his possessive attitude as a lover. Another scene is then presented of the sister to Pablo, Tina who has her own problems to deal with and is struggling with her niece Ada. Tina who was once a boy and has a sexual transformation to construct a sexual relationship with her father has her own issues to solve. The father has left her for another woman, which devastates her and she begins to hate all men such

Qualitative Methodology Practices in Nursing Essay

Qualitative Methodology Practices in Nursing - Essay Example To extend these points further with regard to the public and the field of nursing, the professional image has been subject to a plethora of influencing factors since health-care services were first established in this country over two centuries ago. This goes back to the theoretical aspect of its colonial origins and how they influenced medicine and health care reforms today. Since the colonial period, nursing has evolved through decades of changes and reform. From a position of significant oppression and medical subservience, generations of nurses have fought for public recognition in terms of identity, respect, and role acknowledgement. In fact these are the reasons that so much research has been conducted in this profession and the various theoretical theorizations and methodologies have taken root. This has created a better perception with regard to the nurses' role and it has helped them establish their position in health care more fluidly. The main theoretical point behind the usage of these four methodologies is the fact that these specific methods provide accurate and reliable ways to promote good positive outcomes for patients, as well as providing assistance to the nurses to ensure that they stay in the correct professional framework which guides them on an everyday basis in their work routines. Theory of Applied Research Applied research is a dependable element in the nursing field. Although in its basic form it is only considered to be fundamental for solving more practical and basic problems it can also find a niche in other areas of the nursing profession as well. Theoretically it can help in pin-pointing certain symptoms through a research methodology that is of a nurses own choosing, since there are many different research methodologies available (Lehtinen et al 2005, p. 44). Therefore, usage of an applied research model helps the nurse facilitate the treatment regimen more fluidly due to the fact that the basic symptoms or problems can be rectified and hence corrected to change a specific outcome. Take for example the disease of cancer. Applied research helps the nurse prioritize what research is more worthy of further study in order to acquire more essential knowledge on the subject so that a better determination of treatment can be given (Mcilfatrick & Keeny 2002, p. 629). Furthermore, it he lps to promote the correct direction and focus in developing a strategy for studying various forms of cancer to be better prepared in caring for a cancer patient. By incorporating the research question, found through the usage of applied research, within certain basic studies of cancer, nurses are better prepared to provide care with regard to how to alleviate nausea and vomiting, interventions for pain, coping with grief or death, and prevention and treatment of existing cancer or other possible cancers (Mcilfatrick & Keeny 2002, p. 630). This emphasizes the fact that the basic research of this disease is actually the initial phase leading into the methodology of applied research to begin with (Lehtinen et al 2

Summary of two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of two articles - Essay Example tin also acknowledges the Philippines’ move to draft and enact environmental laws but it is of concern whether the implementation would be successful. The United States affirmed its commitment to environmental conservation with the planned installation of windmills that is more preferable than solar power at the Adirondack Park. In her article â€Å"Will Warmer Soil Be as Fertile†, Lance Frazer (2009) explains the role played by soil in organic matter decomposition. She also explains how heating of the atmosphere hastens plant photosynthesis. Frazer (2009) further discusses studies by Myrna Simpson in a report â€Å"Nature Geoscience† November 2nd 2008 that outlines the anticipated effects of global warming in causing unpredictable patterns of carbon circulation in the environment. A study by the team showed increased microorganisms decomposition activity in warmer conditions that result in high release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Frazer (2009) highlights concerns by Howard Epstein an associate environmentalist on drawing conclusions based on the study. Epstein also questioned sustainability of the findings. Simpson (2008) concludes by pointing out the increased CO2 levels with increased degradation. Frazer recommends more study on soil with a keen interests on the effects of the molecular levels on the

Nature-Nurture Debate Essay Example for Free

Nature-Nurture Debate Essay Introduction In this report I will examine and explain effective communication by looking at the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care context, theories of communication, methods of communication (verbal, non-verbal and written communication), communication cycle, what is effective communication, formal and informal communication, differences between language and culture. Communication between people enables us to exchange ideas and information, but it involves much more than simply passing on information to others. Communication helps people to feel safe, to form relationships and develop self-esteem. Poor communication can make an individual feel vulnerable, inferior and emotionally threatened. Effective communication helps us understand a person or situation, enables us to resolve differences, build trust and respect and create an warm environment. The effective communication helps us improving communication skills in everyday live, business, relationships, but also in health and social care context. Learning and understanding the effective communication skills the people can better connect with the family members, friends, co-workers (by improving teamwork), people looked after in care homes. What is effective communication Effective communication combines a set of skills including verbal and non-verbal communication, attentive listening, the ability to manage stress, the capacity to recognize and understand your own emotions and those of the person you are communicating with . Effective communication is about more than exchanging information. It requires also understanding the emotion behind the information. It enables us to communicate even negative or difficult messages without creating conflict or destroying trust. Effective communication-Methods of communication Verbal communication The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is the main way for people to communicate face to face. The components of the verbal communication are: sounds, words, speaking and language. Only people can put meaning into words; words alone have no meaning. As meaning is an assigned to words, language develops, which leads to the development of speaking. Over 3000 languages and major dialects are spoken in the world. The huge variety of languages creates difficulties between different languages, but even in one language there can be many problems in understanding. Speaking can be looked in two major areas: interpersonal and public speaking. To communicate effectively we must not simply clean up our language, but learn to relate to people. To be an effective communicator, one must speak in a manner that is not offending to the receiver. Listening Successful listening means not just understanding the words or the information being communicated, but also understanding how the speaker feels about what they are communicating. Effective listening can: -create an environment where everyone feels safe; -save time; -relieve negative emotions; -focus fully on the speaker, make the speaker feel heard and understood; -avoid interrupting; -show you interest. The communication cycle According to Michael Argyle(1972) skilled interpersonal interaction (social skills) involves a cycle in which you have to translate or â€Å"decode† what other people are communicating and constantly adapt you own behaviour in order to communicate effectively. Good communication involves the process of checking understanding, using reflective or active listening. The communication cycle supposes: -an idea occurs: you have an idea that you want to communicate; -message coded: you think through how you are going to say what you are thinking and you put your thoughts in to language or sign language; -message sent: you speak, or sign, or write, or send your message in some other way; -message received: the other person has to sense your message; -message decoded: the other person has to interpret or â€Å"decode† your message; -message understood: your ideas will be understood if all goes well. Non-verbal communication Non-verbal means â€Å"without words†, so non-verbal communication refers to the messages that we send without using words. We send these messages using our eyes, the tone of our voice, our facial expression, our hands and arms, the way we sit or stand. We can enhance effective communication by using open body language (arms uncrossed, standing with an open stance, maintaining eye contact with the person you are talking to). When we speak about non-verbal communication we actually mean: -posture; -the way we move; -facing other people; -gestures; -facial expression; -touch; -silence; -voice tone; -proximity; -reflective listening. As well as remembering what a person says, good listeners will make sure that their non-verbal behaviour shows interest. Skilled listening involves: -looking interested and communicating that you are ready to listen; -hearing what it is said to you; -remembering what was said to you, together with non-verbal messages; -checking your understanding with the person who was speaking to you. Written communication When people remember conversations they have had, they will probably miss out or change some details. Written statements are much more permanent and if they are accurate when they are written, they may be useful later on. Written records are essential for communicating formal information that needs to be reviewed at a future date. For the people who cannot see written scripts or who have limited vision there is a communication system known as Braille which uses raised marks that can be felt with the fingers and it’s based on the sense of touch. This system is now widely used for reading and writing by the people who cannot see written script. Theories of communication The verbal and non-verbal communication is not always straightforward. Effective communication involves a two-way process in which each person tries to understand the view point of the other person. According to Michael Argyle (1972) interpersonal communication is a skill that could be learned and developed. Skilled interpersonal communication, interaction(social skills) involve a cycle in which you have to translate or â€Å"decode† what people are communicating and constantly adapt your own behaviour in order to communicate effectively. The communication cycle involves a kind of code that has to be translated. The stages of communication cycle might be: 1. An idea occurs. 2. Message coded. 3. Message sent. 4. Message received. 5. Message decoded. 6. Message understood. Tuckman ‘s stages of group interaction Bruce Wayne Tuckman(1965) argued that communication in groups can be influenced by the degree to which people feel they belong together. Tuckman suggested that most groups go through a process involving four stages: 1. Forming refers to people meeting for the first time and sharing information. 2. Storming involves tension, struggle and arguments about the way the group may function. 3. Norming sees the group coming together and agreeing on their group values. 4. Performing means that the group will be an effectively performing group, once they have established common expectations and values. Formal and informal communication in health and social care Health and social care work often involves formal communication, which is understood by a wide range of people and shows respect for others. Usually care workers will adjust the way they speak, in order to communicate respect for different communities they address to, as the service users, visitors, colleagues. Formal communication is used in local authority social services and supposes proper English. It also shows respect for others (e.g.: if one went to a local authority social services reception desk, that person will expect to be greeted in a formal way like â€Å"Hello! How can I help you?†, and not informally, like â€Å"Hi! How’s it going?† In many situations such informal language could make people feel not being respected; so it is often risky to use informal language unless you are sure that people expect you to do so. The formal communication is also used in social care services with the manager and even between colleagues if they don’t know very well each other. Otherwise, when they know each other better, they will use informal language. Communication with people at work (between colleagues) is different, because care workers must communicate respect for each other. Colleagues, who do not show respect for each other, may fail to show respect for people who use care services. Colleagues have to develop trust in each other. It is important to demonstrate respect for confidentiality of conversation with colleagues. Care settings may have their own social expectations about the correct way to communicate thoughts and feelings. Communication between professional people and people using services involves the professionals being well aware of the need to translate technical language in to everyday language, when they work with people from other professions or people who use services. Professional people such as doctors or nurses often use their own specialised language, called jargon. It is important that people check that they are being understood correctly. Differences between language and culture Language There are many minority languages in the world. Some people grow up in multilingual communities, where they learn several languages from birth. Many people have grown up using only one language to think and communicate. People who learn a second language later in life find more difficult to express their thoughts and feelings in that language, and prefer to use their first language. Working with later languages can be difficult, as mental translation may be required. Different localities, ethnic groups, professions and work cultures have their own special words or phrases known as speech communities. Some people might feel threatened or excluded by that kind of language they encounter in these speech communities. The technical terminology used by care workers (called jargon) can also create barriers for people who are not a part of that speech community. When people who use services communicate with professionals there is always a risk of misunderstanding between people from different language communities, therefore the health and social care staff needs to check their understanding with the people communicating with them. Culture means the history, customs and ways of behaving that people learn as they grow up. People from different regions use different expressions. Also non-verbal signs may vary from culture to culture. In Europe and North America people often expect other people to look them in the eyes when talking. If a person looks down or away they think it is a sign of dishonesty, sadness or depression. On the other hand, in some other cultures (some black communities or Muslim communities) looking down or away when talking is a sign of respect. (E.g.: in social care settings a Hindu or Muslim person will not accept to be looked after by a person of the opposite sex). People from different geographical areas who use different words and pronounce words differently, they are often using a different dialect. Some social groups use slang (non standard words that are understood by other members of a social group or community, but which cannot be usually found in a dictionary). BTEC Level 3-Health and Social Care-Book 1-Beryl Stretch/Mary Whitehouse www.helpguide.org/effectivecommunication http://louisville.edu

Divorces Development And Influence On Modern Society History Essay

Divorces Development And Influence On Modern Society History Essay Our ability to form and be part of enduring and lifelong lasting families is a basic human necessity, and a need everyone tries to fulfill. However, changes in time lead to changes in family structures as well as in family principles. This essay will review the relatively new reality of divorce as a cultural phenomenon and will make an attempt to explain its effect on modern western society. Firstly, it will do so by explaining the recent rise in divorce through researching how the change from pre-industrial, rural society to modern, industrial society led to a change in family ties and personal social relationships [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 103]. Secondly, this paper will explain the historical development of divorce jurisdictions. Lastly, this paper will examine the connection between the rise of individuality and the rise in divorce. As time progresses, events occur that will lead to changes in civilization. The most recent, major change that took place in history was the global transformation brought on by the Industrial Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution resulted in extensive changes in society and started to form how it is today. Since these changes occurred in a rapid and extreme manner, traditional rules were no longer suitable to be applied in this renewed world. For instance, technological inventions were not only the main factor in making the Industrial Revolution possible; they also enabled developments in science and rapidly increased mans knowledge of the physical universe. The revolution transforming civilization threatened the existence of the dominant religion of Christianity. Foremost, before the industrialization, the Church had adapted itself to the predominate rural economy. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution this economy changed, for towns and cities were developing at speed. Due to the the vast rise in population during the Industrial Revolution, a brutal exploitation of labour became the new standard. The terrible working conditions, poverty, and the deterioration of morals caused anger to grow towards the current system and the Church, who failed to remedy the situation. This eventually lessened the influence of the Church. Over time, it even lead to a change of focus in society; from the collective social structure, based on family, it moved to the importance and development of the individual. In addition, technical inventions led to urbanization as well as it offered geographical mobility. In the course of industrialization, the consequenses of these aspects can be viewed through the change in family ties. HÃ ¶llinger and Haller discuss, amongst other things, the impact of urbanization on kinship structure. In rural areas people meet their relatives, especially their extended kin, more frequently than do their fellow countrymen in urban areas. On the international level. this means that the higher the degree of urbanization of the respective countries, the larger the spatial distance from relatives and the less frequent are contacts with kin. [112] Thus, urbanization and the newly found ability to cover great ranges of land led people to live from growing distance from their kin. Because of these developments, contacts with the extended family were reduced, while emotional bonds with the nuclear family strengthened [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 103]. Furthermore, another aspect that was introduced in modernized society was that the individuals social ties could now be shaped throughout his or her life. This newly found possibility even applied to closest friends and, more importantly, to kin. No more are relationships toward close kin necessarily seen as a life-long commitment [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 103]. In most Western nations, over one-third of all marriages ends in dissolvement [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 103]. It can be said that this important change in family structure is in fact the norm in todays society. In conclusion, the changes in economic innovation seem to go hand in hand with the variation in levels of social ties with kin [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110], just as the loosening of family ties seems to coinside with the rise of divorce. As has been discussed in the previous paragraphs, a new social structure arose as a result of the Industrial Revolution. When focussing on divorce, it can thus be said that the concept is a relatively recent phenomenon. Divorce has never been as extensive in modern Western society as it has become in current times [Phillips ix]. Additionally, just as society did, the law had to undergo a transformation in most countries as well. Since England was the first to feel the effects of the Industrial Revolution, this country will be used to exemplify the development in divorce jurisdiction. Until the mid-nineteenth century, the English law mostly took the Christian standpoint on marriage on as a rule, defining it as a lifelong lasting union and leaving little room for the option of dissolvement. Nevertheless, a growth in demand for divorce during the Industrial Revolution can be seen in the table on the next page. In this table, the dissolution of individual marriages in England by private Act of Parliament is shown by a periodic interval of ten years [Phillips 65]. The table clearly demonstrates the early rise in divorce as the Industrial Revolution progressed. However still uncommon, such divorces were evolving into regular occurrences [Phillips 64]. In this stage, divorce was only open to male artistocrats, for divorce was almost exclusively monopolized by men, and costs of the procedure were high [Phillips 66]. Additionally, the only acceptable premise for divorce was the wifes proven adultery. Despite these disadvantages, the only legal way by which a marriage could be resolved in England remained parliamentary divorce until 1858, when the countrys first divorce law was implemented [Phillips 64]. The 1858 Matrimonial Causes Act made divorce possible for all people, including women. Still, women who divorced on the premise of adultery not only had to prove their husband unfaithfulness, but had to prove additional wrongdoings as well, such as cruelty, incest or desertation for two years or more [National Archives]. In 1923, a private members bill facilitated the process for women to plead for divorce on grounds of adultery, although, it still needed to be proved [A Brief History of Divroce]. A change in legislation occurred in 1937, when divorce was permitted on other grounds, for instance drunkenness, insanity, and desertation [A Brief History of Divorce]. Up until this time, divorce was still considered to be taboo, and a shameful process to undertake. However, over the next period, the modernization of society and the developement in social structures in terms of individuality and eqaulity in gender gradually changed the view towards divorce and therefore called for a different approach in the law concerning it. This resulted in the Divorce Reform Act, which was passed in 1969. The Divorce Reform Act permitted divorce if the couple requesting it had been seperated for more than two years, or for more than five years if the divorce was requested by only one spouse [A Brief History of Divorce]. This revision is considered to be a landmark in the law concerning divorce because a spouse no longer had to prove his or her partners fault; a marriage could be dissolved if it had broken down beyond repair [A Brief History of Divorce]. Most importantly, the Divorce Reform Act created the basic structure of Englands divorce law today. Furthermo re, it can be said that the regulation in divorce jurisdictions is closely linked to the process of gender equality. In other words, the development in womens right can be linked back to the history of divorce laws. The increase in divorce lessened the taboo that used to stigmatize it, resulting in a shift of focus in society. When directing attention to the European social structure, it can be said that the notions of family in different countries are overall quite similar. The divorce rates, however, are not. The divorce rates in various European countries are shown in the table on the next page [Divorce Magazine]. When examining the table and the differences in divorce rates, a number of results are quite striking. Firstly, the top three European countries with the highest percentage of marriage ending in divorce are all Scandinavian countries. Secondly, the three most southern European countries -Portugal, Spain, and Italy- reside at the bottom of the list. As has been mentioned before, economic modernization and various degrees in social contacts seem to be closely linked [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110]. Additionally, it can be said that the higher percentage of marriage ending in divorce in Northwestern and Central Europe is not only an effect of industrial development but also of the endurance of particular preindustrial family structures [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110]. Through this, the exeptionally low divorce rate of, for example, Italy can be explained. As is demonstrated in the table, only ten percent of all marriages in Italy end in dissolvement. When comparing Italys sociocultural history with present norms and traditions, it can be seen that the concept of strong family ties, which has deep social and cultural roots in this country, is an aspect of Italian life that is still of high importance today [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110]. The powerful influence of the Roman Catholic Church, which beliefs concerning family principals do not permit divorce, has often been ascribed as a reason for that [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110]. This influence seems to be stronger in Italy than in other Southern European countries such as Spain and Portugal, whos sociocultural family traditions closely resemble those of Italy. However, it could be argued that the existence of the Vatican and Pope seem to keep Christianity more alive in Italy than in other countries. In contrast to the decreasing influence of the familial structure on modern society, the concept of individuality and non-kinship ties gained importance over time. In other words, over this century, the life course has become individualized. () Because individual lives in the past were more integrated with familial goals, many decisions today considered individual, such as starting work, leaving home, and getting married, were part of collective family timing strategies. [Hareven 107-108]. The development of individuality and thus the importance of friends in modern society can be seen in the table below. In this table, HÃ ¶llinger and Haller present an overview of the expectations people have of those around them in emergency situations. The results from seven different Western countries tallied to show for which roles expectations were higher. For example, the highest percentage of people answered that they rely on their partner for instrumental as well as emotional assistance. It it interesting to note, however, that friends hold the second highest place. In the preindustrial times, the results would show a greater percentage of reliance on family members. This graph helps to illustrate that the decrease in familial ties correlates with the rise in divorce. Additionally, the rise in divorce coinsides with the movement towards the idea of marriage being a union between two people in love, rather than a union of convenience. In most Western societies, marriage is no longer prevailed by a difference in status or race. In this sense, divorce is now seen as a notion of freedom, just as marriage is. Thus, divorce paved the way for many other marital phenomenon and disertations from the traditional family structure, such as inter-racial marriages, gay marriages, cohabitation without marriage, single-parent adoption, and so on. In short, the Industrial Revolution altered society during the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Urbanization, technical inventions, scientific discoveries, and the decrease of influence of the Church had great impact on the existing social structure and thus, on kinship ties. As a result, divorce became a regular occurence, which led to a development in divorce jurisductions. Nowadays, the European concepts of family are generally similar, while the divorce rates are not. The existence of lower divorce rates can be explained by a higher influence of Christianity in combination with deeply embedded sociocultural family traditions. Over time, as family ties loosened, non-kinship ties have gained importance. This rise in individuality is also closely linked to the rise in divorce. On the whole, divorce smoothed the path for the acceptance and legal recognition of various other matrimonial situations as well as other options that differ from the traditional notion of fami ly.

Canadian Teenagers Essay -- Drugs and Alcohol, Cannabis, Marijuana

today's society Canadian teenagers are exposed to different pathway involving drugs. The most common drug used among Canadian teenagers is alcohol followed by cannabis.(Leslie, Karen 2008) Canadian teenagers are influenced by drugs and alcohol on a daily based at school and through the media. In Canada the legal drinking age is nineteen in most provinces with the exception of Quebec where it is eighteen years old. Teenagers who have family members with drug and alcohol problem or if they suffer from depression, anxiety or other various forms of mental health disorders are at a higher risk of developing and addiction or experimenting with drugs and alcohol.( Leslie, Karen 2008) . According to Leslie and Karen one in every five students will develop an alcohol dependency; it has an affect on their health, school and other problems. Students in the seventh and ninth grade indicated the average age for their first experience with alcohol is eleven years old (Leslie, Karen 2008). Alcohol intoxication comes along with great responsibilities. Adolescence are not mature enough to handle consequences and do not know the responsibilities thoroughly until they have experienced it. Alcohol plays a huge role in suicide and self-harm particularly among adolescence and young adults (Leslie, Karen 2008). The highest rate for adolescent patients is between the ages fifteen to nineteen years old who sustained unintentional injuries due to the presence of alcohol, which can also lead to violence among themselves (Leslie, Karen 2008). In Leslie and Karen research out of four hundred eight injuries involving violence 22.7 percent were involved in alcohol. Underage drinking can lead to unintentional fatal and non fatal injuries. The most common fat... ...ion during sex compared to females. During oral sex 44.4% of male’s claims to use condoms and 26.8% method only consisted of the female being on birth control. The smarter method using condoms and birth control during oral sex was only 8.1%. Leaving the most lack method, using no protection or any methods consisted 26.8% of males (Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality; 2006). The number of sexually active teens hasn't increased over the past two decades, the percentage of females having sex at a young age has. (Susan McClellan 2001). Having said, female parents disprove of teen pregnancy 56.8% of the time and males parents disprove 44 % of the time. Today in Canadian teen pregnancy and abortion rate are high, but Nunavut consists of the highest rates (McKay, Alexander). To get an abortion in Canada cost 400 dollars and it does not require permission from parents.

Liberalism and Social Contract Essay -- essays research papers fc

Liberalism and Social Contract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Larmore speaks of moral complexity as it exists in a pluralistic sense. The idea of pluralism says that each and every person has their own separate conception of the good as it appears to them. It is I virtually impossible to have to separate entities come up with the same exact concept of the â€Å"Good Life† and what it holds for them. As there are these conflicts ideals that exist in each of us it is possible for our conception of the good to come under attack from competing concepts that are held by others around us. Some one who is Muslim may have a conception of the good that wants to eradicate me and my notion of the good. There needs to exist some centralized thought controlled by the state to protect each individual concept of the good that exists under the people it resides over. If pluralism is true and evident in society then there needs to exist a liberal state to have a manner of political order to protect the differing conceptions of the good that exists within it to protect the personal ideals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main idea that Larmore is trying to set out between the political order and personal ideals is that the Kant’s idea of the right being prior to the good is essential to the protection or cooperation of these two principles. Although this is a theory from Kant it is not a metaphysical like Kant brings up, rather it is a political movement that is necessary for the protection of individual personal ideals. The right of political neutrality must take priority over any individual conception of the good. This justifies political authority as the right of neutrality is more important than the personal good because without any sort of neutrality of the state none of us would be able to keep our own ideals of what the good is and practice it in our lives. This principle of primacy of the right is a political ideal that does not need to extend into all of morality but is necessary in the manner of political order. This primacy is important in the manner that it literally allows for that personal good to exist. For a moment imagine if some one lived in Mooneyville and their conception of the good differs from everyone else around him. It is essential for this mooneyite to give primacy of the right in the political realm so he is able to hold his own conception o... ...king over their own conception of the good. Through this theory I think we have the best chance of holding our individual conception of good without having it attacked for any reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This theory of liberalism holds only as far as people in the given society make their own attempts to create and maintain it. The theory engulfing these thoughts are only as good as they are put into practice in society as a whole and by the citizens that live with this inherent pluralism. Most modern societies have made a shift to these liberal states save a few totalitarian states. I am happy to give a way some of my freedoms to shoot another man to allow myself the freedom of worrying about being shot walking down the street. Of course there are always outliers that exist but either they are systematically brought into contract or thrown out of the society by way of prison or in a philosohpy department some where in Ohio. Bibliography Davison & Wolf. The iI dea of a Political Liberalism. Binmore, Ken. Game Theory and the Social Contract, Volume I: Fair Play. Hampton, Jean. Hobbes and The Social Contract Tradition. Larmore, Charles. Patterns of Moral Complexity.

The Extended Allegory in The Power and The Glory Essay -- Power and Th

The Extended Allegory in The Power and The Glory      Ã‚  Ã‚   Graham Greene pieced together The Power and the Glory from his own personal memoirs in 1940 after a three-year trip to Mexico.   Drawing from his own observations of a small town torn between the anti-religious laws of the secular government and the people's religious beliefs, Greene created the story of a Catholic priest being pursued by the police to illustrate the conflicting relationship between the church and state (Greene 2-4).   Greene used his experiences in Mexico to create an extended allegory that illustrates the conflict between the two world views and, in turn, reveals his own values and philosophy.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Drawing from his experience in Mexico, Greene developed a "whiskey priest," a character introduced to Greene by a friend in Mexico in a story of a drunken priest that christened a child by the wrong name, to embody the religious world view.   The priest, who remains nameless throughout the novel to emphasize his allegorical role, is less an individual than a symbol of the "Church [and] of the cumulative wisdom of the past, in short, of Western Humanism" (DeVitis 89).   The priest, however, is seen as a traitor to the state and to his religion.   The last Catholic priest in a secular Mexican state, the priest's photograph is hung next to that of a notorious American gangster on the wall of the police office.   The priest's tendency towards gin, cowardliness, and his moral weakness make him a traitor to his faith and religious order.  Ã‚   On the allegorical level of the novel, the priest's flight from the police is seen as a "flight from God" and away from becom ing a saint (DeVitis 90).   Refusing to accept his destiny of being captured by the police and becom... ...ce into paradise" (Hynes 67).   Only after the priest's execution is the lieutenant forced to realize his own emptiness and does Greene reveal his religious compassion.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Although often criticized for being "chiefly Roman Catholic," The Power and the Glory masterfully illustrates the intense conflict between the secular and religious world views (Hynes 70).   By developing complex allegorical characters, Graham Greene achieves an almost myth-like quality.       Works Cited: Allot, Kenneth and Miriam Farris, The Art of Graham Greene. New York:   Russell & Russell, 1951. DeVitis, A. A., Graham Greene.   New York: Twayne Publishers, 1964. Greene, Graham, The Power and the Glory.   New York: The Viking Press, 1940. Hynes, Samuel ed.,   Graham Greene: A Collection of Critical Essays.  Ã‚   Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

Alexander Hamilton Essay

I consider Napoleon, Fox, and Hamilton the three greatest men of our epoch, and if I were forced to decide between the three, I would give without hesitation the first place to Hamilton. He divined Europe. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. So begins the biography of Alexander Hamilton on the web page from Revolution to Reconstruction.   Even   Jefferson was in awe of him as he told James Madison in 1795, â€Å"Hamilton is really a colossus . . . without numbers, he is a host within himself.† – quoted by De Coralis. Alexander Hamilton was born in about1757 on the Caribbean island of Nevis. He had no birth certificate so the exact date is disputed, but he always said it was in 1757. He was one of two sons born illegitimately to a French Huguenot mother by an irresponsible Scots father who was later to abandon his family. His mother died of yellow fever when he was only 13, having been imprisoned for adultery at the instigation of her husband , who then managed to successfully sue for all her meagre assets, leaving the two boys with nothing. All his life Hamilton was aware that people knew of his beginnings and discussed them behind his back. After his mother’s death he began to work as clerk to New Yorker Nicolas Cruger. In Cruger’s absence he ran the firm and so even as a teenager he came to learn and to manage the intricacies of international trade – something that was to be in his stead later. He also saw the dark side of trading – slavery, which he came to hate. Eventually he was to co-found an abolitionist society. Another mentor was clergyman Hugh Knox, who tutored him in both humanities and sciences. It was these mentors and other rich islanders who paid for him to study in New York at the then King’s College . (Now Columbia University). Their idea seems to have been that he study medicine and then return to set up practice. That was the theory, but the fact was that he never returned to the islands. He arrived in New York in 1773. In 1774 the first continental Congress met to decide what to do about what they saw as the tyrannical rule of England. Following the Boston Tea Party Hamilton travelled to Boston where he became convinced of the rights of the colonists. The newspapers were full of arguments for and against and Hamilton joined in when he wrote his first pamphlet â€Å"A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress,† According to   Lisa Marie de Coralis on the web page ‘From Revolution to Reconstruction’,   in 1769 Hamilton had written to a friend saying that what better way was there for a young man to change his station in life than in war. His argument was that in war it is one’s abilities rather than one’s background that counts. Considering his background it is hardly a surprising view. In the summer of 1776 the British fleet were sailing towards the city of New York and Hamilton responded quickly to a call for volunteers. He soon became captain of a group of artillerymen, even paying for their uniforms himself. He and his company fought alongside Washington and his men at Long Island and in other battles that year   His talents were recognised and he became, aged 20, aide-de-camp to General George Washington with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. It seems with hindsight that he made the right choice, for he had earlier turned down similar positions with other military leaders. He continued to be close to Washington for most of the time and was eventually among those who composed Washington’s farewell address in 1796. Valley Forge in the winter of 1777 -78 was an important time for Hamilton. Washington had some 9,000 men forced to scavenge for supplies, because of the inability of Congress to act on their behalf. All around men were starving and Hamilton realised that the   Americans would become a laughing stock if their government was seen to be unable to support its troops. There was to be an alliance with France and Hamilton, probably using the French he had leant from his mother, became interpreter. In the summer of 1779 rumours began to circulate that Hamilton was to lead a move to overthrow congress and install Washington as a dictator. Colonel John Brooks told Hamilton of these rumors adding that he had heard someone say † Mr. Hamilton could be no ways interested in the defence of this country; and therefore, was most likely to pursue such a line of conduct as his great ambition dictated.† His colleagues realised that the rumours were false. Hamilton was frustrated with Congress, no more. It   did make one thing plain though, Hamilton was, and always would be viewed as an outsider – a non-American, a major reason why, despite his massive abilities he is not included in the list of American Presidents. Other reasons given are his affair and the fact that his politics and reasoning were way above the heads of most Americans. Hamilton on the other hand firmly links himself with the American cause as when he wrote to Congressman Duane in 1780 â€Å"the defects of our present system, and the changes necessary to save us from ruin.† –   See chapter 8 ‘From Revolution to Reconstruction. In the letter he sees America as other nations would see her, with a weak congress, unable to fulfil its commitments. Much of the letter is about his financial plans for the country – not surprising for someone who was to become its treasurer. Washington was not known as a placid man. There were several spats and then in 1781, Washington felt that Hamilton was not respecting him and the two fell out. In April of that year he resigned as aide-de camp and went to stay with his new wife in Albany. From here he began his first essays on American government. â€Å"The Continentalist,† In 1781 he finally had his first command and victory at Yorktown. In January of 1782 his first child was born and two months later he resigned from the military, being appointed as Receiver of Taxes for New York. At the same time he began to study law, completing a three year course in just a few months. In 1782 he also became a congressman.   He is quoted by De Coralis as writing to Lafayette:- I have been employed for the last ten months in rocking the cradle and studying the art of fleecing my neighbours. I am now a Grave Counsellor   at law, and shall soon be a grand member of Congress. The Legislature   at their last session took it into their heads to name me pretty unanimously one of their delegates.† As a lawyer he acted in many cases involving anti-loyalists laws. One of his most important cases ensured that federal laws were to be treated as supreme over those of individual states. Hamilton could be quite outspoken. In June 1780 he write to John Laurens describing   his fellow Americans as having ‘the passiveness of sheep †¦they are determined not to be free†¦I f we are saved France and Spain must save us.’ Eventually of course they rose to the occasion, though France did contribute to the success by not allowing Britain to make full use of its military and naval powers. Despite his American nationality he admired   the British system of government . He said when addressing congress in June 1787 ‘I believe the British government forms the best model the world ever produced.’ Hamilton is one of the anonymous contributors to the Constitution, the final text of which was drawn up by James Madison in July of 1787, according to Cohen and Major ( page 511). First of all Hamilton asked for a revision of the articles of confederation. He called them to arms saying as quoted in volume 4 of his papers:- Let Americans disdain to be instruments of European greatness! Let the thirteen states, bound together by strict and indissoluble union, concur in erecting one great American system. He signed the constitution in September 1787 and when Washington took on the presidency he knew that Hamilton was the best man to take on the country’s finance and he became the first, and perhaps the greatest, Secretary to the Treasury in 1789. He served in this post from 1789 to 1795, during which period he succeeded in restoring the country’s financial position. Early in his period of office he produced lengthy reports for congress about what the country needed financially including a system of taxation and funding of the national debt. The report controversially included the need for a national bank, an idea that Washington for one did not at first approve of. In 1792 there was a stock market panic and from this time on Hamilton came under attack for his policies. In 1804 there was to be an election. During the run up Hamilton, then leader of the Federalist party and famous for arguing for freedom of speech, was heard , on more than one occasion, to be vilifying Aaron Burr, the Republican leader, vice-president and a long time enemy. He had already come out heavily against Burr in the press. Burr demanded satisfaction in the form of a duel, and despite the fact that his beloved son had died in a duel, Hamilton, after the interchange of several letters, finally conceded. It was his eleventh and last duel. Hamilton fired firs t and missed. Burr’s first shot, hit Hamilton in lower abdomen, paralysed him and he died at home the following day, having confessed to hi s doctor that he had had no intention of hitting Burr. He died   leaving a wife, seven children and a mountain of debts, having frequently undercharged clients, subsidised newspapers and having refused an army pension. The financial genius had failed to provide for himself. Neither man benefited as Burr was indicted for murder, though duelling was not outlawed in New Jersey, and though later acquitted, Burr’s political career was over, as of course was Hamilton’s. Bibliography Crystal, D. editor, The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995 Hamilton,A. Address to the Constitutional Congress, 11th June 1787, quoted by Cohen,M. and Major,J. in History in Quotations, Cassell, London ,2004. Hamilton, A., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton vol2 (1961) pages 347-8, volume 4,   page 345. Electronic Sources De Coralis, L.M. From Revolution to Reconstruction, Biography of Alexander Hamilton found 2nd June 2007   http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/hamilton/hamilxx.htm

Lan Based Time Keeping & Payrol System Ama Computer

Integrated Sales and Stocks Inventory System for Farmacia San Jose III. Area of Investigation: At present property professionals and commercial businesses are having difficulties in practicing the old and traditional format of sales and stocks inventory. Basically all proprietors follows the same procedure where in transactions are done through manual. IV. Reasons for the Choice: Since sales and stocks inventory is seen as the main core and repository of records related to the entire business transactions.The proprietors wish to have a remote access on their inventory. The proposed system will enable to automate the existing workflow and reduce turn-around time. The digitization of sales inventory will provide a secure storage, fast and easy withdrawal/retrieval of record and information. V. Importance of the Study: Manual handling of transactions is common to some of the businesses and this is what we hope to change. This study will simplify the work flow and will greatly succor the owner in business inventory. VI. Target users and Beneficiaries:The target users and beneficiaries of the proposed system is the owner of the business, employers and their customers. VII. Software development Tools: The proponents have chosen Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 for creating system and Microsoft Access to be used as the main database to make the system more efficient, accurate, reliable and easy to use.Approved By: _____________________________ Mr. Brian Andrew S. Gonzales Adviser ———————– COMPUTER COLLEGE OF MALOLOS COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES COMPUTER COLLEGE OF MALOLOS COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES

Comparison of Jane Eyre and “Goblin Market” Essay

Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market† are both texts written in the Victorian period. They both carry similar themes of the evils of patriarchy and the importance of empowering women to assert their identity in this time period. Both Jane Eyre and Laura are characters that are affected by the issues that mainly affected women in the male-dominated Victorian society. This is clearly portrayed when the men in both texts try to confine women physically and emotionally through deception and force. The different portrayal of both male and female characters also plays a very important role in communicating these issues. Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market† can be read as a criticism of Victorian arrangement of marriage. She stresses the importance of women’s friendship as the main agent that can help in fighting against or changing society’s exploitation of women. The two sisters represent two different kinds of women; Lizzie, th e submissive ones and Laura, those that fought against patriarchy, and the goblins represent the patriarchal system. It shows that women can control their destinies, gain some level of independence, and avoid society’s oppressive rules and work towards their liberation and happiness. In the Victorians society men where more educated, powerful and rich hence they dominated women. Women were subjugated to the home as housewives whilst their husbands earned money for the family. This gave the men even more power over women, both before and after marriage. Therefore, this led to the society ignoring and exploiting of women’s rights and abilities, and social status. The goblin men, full of promises not kept, dominate goblin Market, which symbolizes marriage. This clearly shows how men controlled the marriage arrangement. Women had no or little power in society to get what they want hence would resort to selling themselves in marriage. Beauty and look was their only power and so they traded this and offered themselves for the security of a husband. The goblin men are described as animal-like but they still have power and influence over the women. Patriarchy is portrayed as being corrupt and deceptive. Rossetti shows that women were usually coaxed into marriage with lavish promises of love, wealth, status and security. This is seen when the goblin men persistently and persuasively cry out to the girls to â€Å"come buy our†¦.plump†¦sweet†¦rare† (lines 2-15) fruits. Lizzie, the docile sister succumbs to the Goblin’s seduction but her sister Laura realizes the danger and firmly resists the lure of the Goblin men. Laura’s character represents a generation of women brave enough to rebel against stereotypes created by women as loose and passionate as well as fight women subjugation. Men’s deceit is evident in women’s disappointments in marriage. Despite the strict marital laws, men could make a commitment to woman but later leave and go to another woman. This can be seen when Laura returns to the market in need of more fruits but she finds no goblins, they have disappeared with all their succulent fruits. This breaks Laura’s heart and she becomes depressed when she realizes that she may never get to eat the fruits again. This is equivalent to the disappointment most women faced after marriage, in that they were not completely satisfied and happy because they were repressed, oppressed and not loved as much as they expected. Surprisingly though, Lizzie who hasn’t yet tasted the fruits, can still hear the cries of the goblins. She however, manages to resist their incessant cries and calling but focuses on caring for her sister and looking ways of brining her back to life. Lizzie here could represent unmarried women desired by men and being coaxed into marriage. Observing her sister’s pitiful state teaches and empowers Lizzie, and it enables her to avoid falling for the goblin’s temptations. The struggle that could results from a woman’s attempt to fight patriarchy is represented when goblins use violence to taunt and torment her, but Lizzie does not falter or give in to their demands, â€Å"Though the goblins cuffed and caught her, Coaxed and fought her, Bullied and besought her, Scratched her, pinched her black as ink, Kicked and knocked her, Mauled and mocked her, Lizzie uttered not a word; Would not open lip from lip Lest they should cram a mouthful in†(lines 424-432). She represents strong women who were brave enough to stand up fight against society’s oppressive norms towards women. Her role as her sister’s savior shows the need for women’s collective action, how powerful they can be in fighting for their rights. Her persistence and effort could empower other women to stand up for their rights and continue fighting this kind of oppression and subjugation of women. Lizzie is able to resist the rape and humiliation that the goblins attempt on her because she has leverage. She comes with a coin in her purse, which gives her bargaining power even though it is little, she can trade with goblins on equal terms without following their terms. The violent and persistent behavior of the goblins in trying to force Lizzie to eat the fruit represents the forceful nature of men when it came to forcing women to submit to them in marriage. However, Lizzie is strong and persistent in resisting eating the fruit, but she lets the fruit juices stick to her body so that she can bring it home to her sister. When she arrives home she tells Laura to â€Å"hug me, kiss me, suck my juices† (line 468) and Laura does exactly that. The effect of the juices seems to work as they wake her from her trance and make her look more alive. The ending of the poem which hints at a possible erotic relationship between Laura and Lizzie could be a further commentary on how this newly found sense of identity also leads to a newly discovery of women’s sexuality instead of the old tradition of being restricted to only having romantic relations with men. However, the most important thing it that there is no presence of the domineering influence of goblin men in the lives of the two women. Similarly, Bronte’s Jane Eyre discreetly rebels against her society’s patriarchal system where â€Å"Women, in their inferior treatment in Victorian society, are treated by society like they were no more responsible or worthy of respect than children†(Lewis). She develops into a strong, independent, self-assured and empowered young woman. Her character stands out from the many conforming women characters in the novel especially Bertha, Rochester’s lunatic wife who is locked in the attic of his house, confined and being controlled by her husband like many married women. â€Å"Females were supposed to be quiet, submissive, passive, and loyal to their husbands†(Lewis). Jane Eyre on the other hand has her own ideas of how women should behave and what their role in society should be, contrary to what society dictates. We can see her rebellion against these oppressive societal norms when she says that; â€Å"Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrowed-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making pudding and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.† (Brontà « 112-13) She freely expresses her thoughts and her unfeminine ways puzzle most male and female characters in the novel. Also, she refuses to be charmed by Rochester who calls her angel and plans on transforming her through her dress style by she blatantly refuses this. Although he tries to convince her she does not believe him, she still remains skep tical and cautious. This clearly shows her refusal to be the woman that society expects her to be, gullible and naà ¯ve, just like Lizzie who is not fooled by the goblins. Most male characters in this novel are also portrayed negatively because here too, they represent the evil patriarchal system. Rochester, one of the male characters in Jane Eyre is described as â€Å"masculine; and†¦ dark, strong, and stern,†(115) a better description as compared to the animal-like goblins but still bad. Bronte mainly highlights his masculine features, his dominance, energy, and authoritative and forceful nature. Jane says that; â€Å"I knew my traveler with his broad and jetty eyebrows; his square forehead, made squarer by the horizontal sweep of his black hair..†¦yes, all three were very grim and no mistake. His shape, now divested of cloak, I perceived harmonized in squareness with his physiognomy; I suppose it was a good figure in the athletic sense of the term†¦broad chested and thin flank ed, though neither tall nor graceful (122). This masculinity translates to the power that men possessed over women in the Victorian era, evident in Rochester’s deceptive scheming plot to charm and deceive Jane into marrying him as his second wife. The wedding would have continued if he hadn’t confessed the truth. Bertha’s situation reveals women’s vulnerability in marriage. Rochester lies that they are divorced because he knows that he has silenced her by hiding her away and she cannot speak against him. Rochester also thinks he understands women, especially Jane but Bronte make it is clear that he does not understand her at all. Just like in â€Å"Goblin Market† men and women are not equals. The relationship is like a slave and his master hence problems in seeing eye to eye. Similar to â€Å"Goblin’s Market† Rochester’s former mistresses are an example of victims of the unfair marriage system which does not live up to its promises. Jane refers to the mistresses as  "these poor girls† (348) because she realizes that she could have easily been like them. Rochester also plays â€Å"games with her heart and soul in order to conduct a sort of experiment for his own benefit and amusement†(Lewis). Luckily for her, she avoids the trap by observing and learning from the other victims, just like Lizzie is able to learn from her sister’s mistake. Jane also struggles to overcome the danger of falling for Rochester’s lavish promises of love and wealth. Rochester’s persistence threatens her beliefs; she admits, â€Å"I loved him very much†¦more than I could trust myself to say†¦more than words had power to express† (295). Even though she is strong willed, Rochester’s dominance and deception threaten to consume her, she says; â€Å"My future husband was becoming to me my whole world†¦almost my hope of heaven. He stood between me and every thought of religion, as an eclipse intervenes between man and the broad sun. I could not, in those days, see God for his creature: of whom I had made an idol† (307). However, she gets a lucky escape when Rochester confesses. Jane lets â€Å" her fate to be dictated by herself and her own actions instead of the wishes and direction of Mr. Rochester†(Lewis). She sticks to her principles and leaves him. Jane also manages to assert her own identity in the male-dominated society even though both Mr. Rochester and St. John Rivers try to confine her to a subordinate position in order to control her. She achieves this by rejecting both Rochester and St. John. She only agrees to get married to Mr. Rochester after ensuring that their marriage is truly based on equality. She now has wealth and almost the same social class with him. Just like Lizzie was able to trade with the goblins because she had money. Brontà « uses Jane’s rebellious character to communicate her thoughts, as well as oppose Victorian subjugation and stereotypes about women in the Victorian society. Bronte and Rossetti can be seen as two of the few brave female writers who used their writing to denounce the oppressive norms of the Victorian society for women. The fight against patriarchy in both texts lead to empowerment of women and the discovery of their sense of identity, this attributes to the content and positive ending of both texts. Jane Eyre, Laura and Lizzie seem to have achieved a sense of security, happiness, and pride. Both texts end on a positive note, promising better relationships/understanding between men and women as well as better if not equal treatment. Works Cited: Robert Lewis, Gender Roles in Charlote Brontes Jane Eyre. The woman question: sexuality, sisterhood and subversion in chris ross† gblin market.

Lowering the minimum legal drinking age to 18

There has been a lot of discussion about whether or not that lowering the minimum legal drinking age to 18 would help reduce the amount of binge drinking among people under age 21. The evidence from recent history and research do not support this change. Some have argued that lowering the drinking age will reduce the allure of alcohol as a â€Å"forbidden fruit† for minors. In fact, research suggests that lowering the drinking age will make alcohol more available to an even younger population, replacing â€Å"forbidden fruit† with â€Å"low-hanging fruit. The practices and behaviors of 18 year-olds are particularly influential on 15 to 17 year-olds (Bonnie, p. 38-58, 1980). If 18 year-olds get the OK to drink, they will be modeling drinking for younger teens. Legal access to alcohol for 18 year-olds will provide more opportunities for younger teens to obtain it illegally from older peers, making enforcement that much more difficult among high school students. For this reason, parents and schools strongly supported the age-21 MLDA (Bonnie, p. 38-58, 1980). Finally, the following is a response from U. S. Surgeon General RADM Steven K. Galson, about lowering the drinking age. â€Å"We all should be very concerned about the extent and consequences of underage drinking. The fact is when youth drink, they tend to drink heavily. Today, we know more about the effects of underage alcohol use on health than ever before. For example, the science tells us that underage drinking can have serious health and safety consequences, such as motor vehicle crashes and sexual assaults. New research is also emerging on the potential harm alcohol may have on the developing brain which continues to mature well into the 20s. So based on the most recent research and the information contained in the Surgeon General's Call to Action to prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking, I believe that drinking under the age of 21 is not worth the risk. †(Bonnie, p. 38-58, 1980) The next topic that I am going to explain is that why do violent video games lead to an increase in crime. This article presents a brief overview of existing research on the effects of exposure to violent video games. An updated meta-analysis reveals that exposure to violent video games is significantly linked to increases in aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, and cardiovascular arousal, and to decreases in helping behavior. Experimental studies reveal this linkage to be causal. Correlational studies reveal a linkage to serious, real-world types of aggression. Methodologically weaker studies yielded smaller effect sizes than methodologically stronger studies, suggesting that previous meta-analytic studies of video games underestimate the true magnitude of observed deleterious effects on behavior, cognition, and affect (Anderson, 2004). Of course, anecdotal accounts of such incidents do not provide a solid scientific basis for public policy decisions or for the testing and development of relevant scientific theories of aggression. But there is considerable theory and research on both the immediate impact of a single brief exposure to media violence and the long term impact of repeated exposure to such violence (e. g. Donnerstein, Slaby, ; Eron, 1994; Huesmann ; Miller, 1994; Anderson ; Bushman, 2001; Bushman ; Huesmann, 2001; Anderson ; Bushman, 2002a; Anderson et al. , in press; Anderson ; Huesmann, 2003). Three findings are particularly important. First, as more studies of violent video games have been conducted, the significance of violent video game effects on key aggression and helping related variables has become clearer. Second, the claim (or worry) that a poor methodological characteristic of some studies has led to a false, inflated conclusion about violent video game effects is simply wrong. Third, video game studies with better methods typically yield bigger effects, suggesting that heightened concern about deleterious effects of exposure to violent video games is warranted. Three major types of studies have clearly and consistently linked media violence to aggressive and violent behavior: experimental, cross-sectional (correlational); and longitudinal. Social-cognitive models of human aggression clearly link exposure to media violence to subsequent aggressive and violent behavior at both the theoretical and empirical levels (e. g. Huesmann, 1988; Anderson ; Bushman, 2002a; Anderson ; Huesmann, in press). Lastly, I am going to discuss why that Social networking is a healthy activity and is largely harmless. Everyday a teenager gets on the computer to log on to Facebook, to check emails, to see what everyone else is doing, and sometimes they are getting bullied on the computer. Social networking can have its pros and cons when dealing with everyday life. Social networking can be very dangerous to our youth and here is a couple of inserts that prove my analysis. You have pedophiles stalking young children because they have an illness. You also have males pretending to be females, because they are hiding their infatuations about the other person behind the computer. In the case involving the 15-year-old girl, police said the man met the girl online in November, when he contacted her through her profile at MySpace, and they later exchanged cell phone numbers. Police said they met face to face for the first time at a military installation and from there began to have a consensual sexual relationship. The suspect did not have a home of his own and arranged meetings with the victim at his friend's home or in his friend's vehicle unbeknownst to the girl's parents, police said. Police learned of the case in January when the girl was identified as an unescorted minor by security at the front gate of the military installation. She told military investigators that she was having a sexual relationship with the man, who worked until then as a civilian employee for the Department of Defense. As a result of the investigation, the man was barred from the base, and he has since been terminated from his job (Rod Antone, 2006). Fifteen percent of all of the youth reported an unwanted sexual solicitation online in the last year; 4% reported an incident on a social networking site specifically. Thirty-three percent reported an online harassment in the last year; 9% reported an incident on a social networking site specifically. Among targeted youth, solicitations were more commonly reported via instant messaging (43%) and in chat rooms (32%), and harassment was more commonly reported in instant messaging (55%) than through social networking sites (27% and 28%, respectively)( Ybarra, M. L. , & Mitchell, K. J. , 2008). This is only a couple scenarios that I have listed to prove that social networking can harm our youth so let’s protect our youth and monitor what they do on the computer. References Anderson, Craig A. (2004). â€Å"An update on the effects of playing violent video games,†Journal of Adolescence 27, 113–122. Bonnie, RJ, â€Å"Discouraging Unhealthy Personal Choices through Government Regulation: Some Thoughts about the Minimum Drinking Age,† In Minimum-Drinking-Age Laws, Wechsler, H (Ed.), Lexington, MA: DC Heath Co., p39-58, 1980.) Donnerstein, E., Slaby, R. G., & Eron, L. D. (1994). The mass media and youth aggression. In L. D. Eron,J.H. Gentry, & P.Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence and youth (pp.219–250).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rod Antone, 2006. â€Å"Another isle man allegedly baits teen victim on MySpace,† Honolulu Star Bulletin (9 March), at http://starbulletin.com/2006/03/09/news/story05.html, accessed 21 March 2006. Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2008). How risky are social networking sites? A comparison of places online where youth sexual solicitation a nd harassment occurs. Pediatrics, 121(2), e350-e357.

Apple iphone 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple iphone 5 - Research Paper Example In its early days of introduction unto the world market, the Apple iPhone 5 received so much patronage because of some feature qualities that the product had over other competitive products and other iPhones that had been introduced unto the market by the same company. But as it is now, there is decline in supply to meet increasing demand. Causes of the shift Basically, there is one running cause of the shift in supply of Apple iPhone 5 and this is directly linked with rate of production. Sources close to the company actually indicate that the Apple iPhone 5 is one of the most labor and skill intensive products that the company ever produces (Birks and Sinclair, 2010). To this end, it actually requires the company so much time, cost, skill and resources to produce a single brand of the Apple iPhone 5. But as a company that wants to hold up to its reputation of quality and standard production of phones, the company is not in any way ready to compromise on the quality of products in th e name of meeting its demand to produce as many pieces of the iPhone as the market pressure demands for. There are other causes that has to do with the presence of competition, that makes the company highly reserved on the need to keeping so much inventory when it cannot be perfectly guaranteed of the willingness of the market to opt for their product. Effects of this change on Apple iphone 5 According to the law of demand and supply, decrease in supply subsequently leads to an increase or a rise in prices. This principle is likely to be the effect of the Apple iPhone 5 especially from the perspective of retailers from who consumers make direct purchases. For example once retailers have access to limited products and they are aware that consumers would compete for these few products they will increase prices so that those with the highest bid of purchase can own the product. There could also be the negative effect whereby the increases in prices will make consumers opt for other com petitor products; especially if they can be guaranteed to have similar features from those products. In the worse case scenario, the Apple iPhone 5 will loss its popularity and market share because consumers who may be frustrated with its absence on the market will loss interest in it. Effects within the market Operational Operational marketing is basically centered on the consumer whereby the consumer is expected to receive maximum customer satisfaction by meeting their needs and demands within the shortest time frame (De Cenzo and Robbins, 2011). In a situation whereby there continue to be decline in supply for the Apple iPhone 5, it is very clear that the customer is not going to receive the needed satisfaction with prompt customer service. Subsequently, market operational is going to be affected negatively in the sense that there are going to be high levels of market dissatisfaction expressed among cunstomers. As it has been stressed already, this is likely to bring about the wo rse case scenario whereby the company may loss out on a number of customers. Financial Effects The financial effects of the prevailing situation whereby there is shortage in the supply of Apple iPhone 5 could be viewed from two major perspectives, which also answers the question of whether the effects are long term or transitory. Indeed, on the short term basis where the demand for the product continues to be